Report ID : AMR1005820 | Industries : Others | Published On :August 2026 | Page Count : 277
1. Introduction
1.1. Objective of the Study
1.2. Market Definition
1.3. Market Scope
2. Executive Summary
3. Trade Finance in Africa–Asia Corridor Market – Regional View with Focus on Africa–Asia Banking Flows, Cross-Border Trade Financing, Correspondent Banking Networks & Structured Trade Solutions Across Africa, GCC, India & Southeast Asia Market Analysis and Forecast (2026–2030)
3.1. Overview
3.2. Market Dynamics
3.3. Drivers
3.4. Restraints
3.5. Opportunities
3.6. Porter's Five Forces Model
3.7. Value Chain Analysis
4. Trade Finance in Africa–Asia Corridor Market – Regional View with Focus on Africa–Asia Banking Flows, Cross-Border Trade Financing, Correspondent Banking Networks & Structured Trade Solutions Across Africa, GCC, India & Southeast Asia, By Trade Finance Product Type
4.1. Letters of Credit (LCs)
4.2. Standby Letters of Credit
4.3. Documentary Collections
4.4. Bank Guarantees
4.5. Trade Credit Insurance
4.6. Supply Chain Finance
4.7. Factoring & Receivables Discounting
4.8. Structured Commodity Finance
4.9. Export Finance
4.10. Import Finance
4.11. Pre-Shipment & Post-Shipment Finance
4.12. Invoice Financing
4.13. Syndicated Trade Loans
4.14. Islamic Trade Finance Structures
4.15. Treasury-Linked Trade Solutions
5. Trade Finance in Africa–Asia Corridor Market – Regional View with Focus on Africa–Asia Banking Flows, Cross-Border Trade Financing, Correspondent Banking Networks & Structured Trade Solutions Across Africa, GCC, India & Southeast Asia, By Customer Segment
5.1. Corporate Banking Clients
5.2. Multinational Trading Companies
5.3. Commodity Exporters
5.4. Import & Distribution Businesses
5.5. Manufacturing Enterprises
5.6. Infrastructure & EPC Contractors
5.7. SME Exporters & Importers
5.8. Shipping & Logistics Firms
5.9. Agribusiness Companies
5.10. Mining & Metals Companies
5.11. Energy Traders
5.12. Government & State-Owned Enterprises
6. Trade Finance in Africa–Asia Corridor Market – Regional View with Focus on Africa–Asia Banking Flows, Cross-Border Trade Financing, Correspondent Banking Networks & Structured Trade Solutions Across Africa, GCC, India & Southeast Asia, By Industry Vertical
6.1. Energy & Petrochemicals
6.2. Mining & Natural Resources
6.3. Agriculture & Food Trade
6.4. Automotive & Industrial Equipment
6.5. Consumer Goods & Retail Imports
6.6. Pharmaceuticals & Healthcare Trade
6.7. Infrastructure & Construction
6.8. Telecommunications Equipment
6.9. Maritime & Logistics
6.10. Technology & Electronics
7. Trade Finance in Africa–Asia Corridor Market – Regional View with Focus on Africa–Asia Banking Flows, Cross-Border Trade Financing, Correspondent Banking Networks & Structured Trade Solutions Across Africa, GCC, India & Southeast Asia, By Financing Structure
7.1. Bilateral Trade Finance
7.2. Syndicated Facilities
7.3. Asset-Backed Structures
7.4. Open Account Trade
7.5. Collateralized Commodity Structures
7.6. Risk Participation Agreements
7.7. Export Credit Agency-Backed Financing
7.8. Multi-Bank Financing Structures
8. Trade Finance in Africa–Asia Corridor Market – Regional View with Focus on Africa–Asia Banking Flows, Cross-Border Trade Financing, Correspondent Banking Networks & Structured Trade Solutions Across Africa, GCC, India & Southeast Asia, By Banking & Service Model
8.1. Traditional Bank-Led Trade Finance
8.2. Digital Trade Platforms
8.3. Fintech-Enabled Trade Finance
8.4. Embedded Banking & API-Led Models
8.5. Hybrid Correspondent Banking Models
8.6. Treasury & Cash Management Integrated Models
9. Trade Finance in Africa–Asia Corridor Market – Regional View with Focus on Africa–Asia Banking Flows, Cross-Border Trade Financing, Correspondent Banking Networks & Structured Trade Solutions Across Africa, GCC, India & Southeast Asia, By Trade Corridor
9.1. Africa–China Corridor
9.2. Africa–India Corridor
9.3. Africa–GCC Corridor
9.4. Africa–ASEAN Corridor
9.5. Africa–Japan & Korea Corridor
9.6. Intra-Africa–Asia Re-Export Corridors
10. Trade Finance in Africa–Asia Corridor Market – Regional View with Focus on Africa–Asia Banking Flows, Cross-Border Trade Financing, Correspondent Banking Networks & Structured Trade Solutions Across Africa, GCC, India & Southeast Asia, By Compliance & Regulatory Alignment
10.1. Basel III-Compliant Trade Finance
10.2. AML/KYC Enhanced Banking Structures
10.3. Sharia-Compliant Trade Finance
10.4. ESG-Linked Trade Lending
10.5. Digitally Documented Trade Transactions
11. Trade Finance in Africa–Asia Corridor Market – Regional View with Focus on Africa–Asia Banking Flows, Cross-Border Trade Financing, Correspondent Banking Networks & Structured Trade Solutions Across Africa, GCC, India & Southeast Asia, By Go-to-Market Complexity
11.1. Direct Institutional Banking
11.2. Relationship Banking Networks
11.3. Trade Intermediary Partnerships
11.4. Fintech Collaboration Models
11.5. Regional Representative Office Expansion
11.6. Cross-Border Corporate Banking Networks
12. Buyer Intelligence & Demand Landscape
12.1. Buyer Segmentation by Trade Volume and Financing Sophistication
12.2. Large Corporates vs Mid-Market Exporters/Importers
12.3. Commodity-Driven Financing Demand Clusters
12.4. Trade-Intensive SME Financing Behavior
12.5. Country-Wise Banking Relationship Preferences
12.6. Treasury Management Priorities Among Multinational Clients
12.7. FX Hedging Demand Patterns
12.8. Import-Led vs Export-Led Financing Structures
12.9. Buyer Dependency on Correspondent Banking Networks
12.10. Demand for Multi-Currency Settlement Capabilities
12.11. Procurement and Financing Cycles Across Key Industries
12.12. Decision-Maker Mapping
12.12.1. Treasury Heads
12.12.2. CFOs
12.12.3. Trade Finance Directors
12.12.4. Procurement Heads
12.12.5. Regional Banking Leads
12.12.6. Supply Chain Finance Managers
12.13. Vendor Selection Criteria for Trade Finance Providers
12.14. Digital Onboarding Expectations and Service Differentiation
12.15. Cross-Border Compliance Expectations from Banking Partners
12.16. Strategic Importance of Local Presence in Africa–Asia Trade Corridors
12.17. Budget Ownership and Approval Hierarchy in Trade Financing Decisions
12.18. Contract Value Bands by Customer Category
12.19. Sales Cycle Duration for Trade Finance Partnerships
12.20. Relationship Banking vs Platform-Led Financing Preferences
13. Africa Market Analysis and Forecast (2026–2030)
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Market Share Analysis
13.3. Market Size and Forecast
13.4. Market Size and Forecast, By Geography
13.4.1. South Africa
13.4.1.1. Market Share Analysis
13.4.1.2. Market Size and Forecast
13.4.1.3. By Product
13.4.1.4. By Technology
13.4.1.5. By Application
13.4.1.6. By Customer
13.4.2. Mauritius
13.4.2.1. Market Share Analysis
13.4.2.2. Market Size and Forecast
13.4.2.3. By Product
13.4.2.4. By Technology
13.4.2.5. By Application
13.4.2.6. By Customer
13.4.3. Kenya
13.4.3.1. Market Share Analysis
13.4.3.2. Market Size and Forecast
13.4.3.3. By Product
13.4.3.4. By Technology
13.4.3.5. By Application
13.4.3.6. By Customer
13.4.4. Nigeria
13.4.4.1. Market Share Analysis
13.4.4.2. Market Size and Forecast
13.4.4.3. By Product
13.4.4.4. By Technology
13.4.4.5. By Application
13.4.4.6. By Customer
13.4.5. Egypt
13.4.5.1. Market Share Analysis
13.4.5.2. Market Size and Forecast
13.4.5.3. By Product
13.4.5.4. By Technology
13.4.5.5. By Application
13.4.5.6. By Customer
13.4.6. Ghana
13.4.6.1. Market Share Analysis
13.4.6.2. Market Size and Forecast
13.4.6.3. By Product
13.4.6.4. By Technology
13.4.6.5. By Application
13.4.6.6. By Customer
13.4.7. Tanzania
13.4.7.1. Market Share Analysis
13.4.7.2. Market Size and Forecast
13.4.7.3. By Product
13.4.7.4. By Technology
13.4.7.5. By Application
13.4.7.6. By Customer
13.4.8. Mozambique
13.4.8.1. Market Share Analysis
13.4.8.2. Market Size and Forecast
13.4.8.3. By Product
13.4.8.4. By Technology
13.4.8.5. By Application
13.4.8.6. By Customer
13.4.9. Zambia
13.4.9.1. Market Share Analysis
13.4.9.2. Market Size and Forecast
13.4.9.3. By Product
13.4.9.4. By Technology
13.4.9.5. By Application
13.4.9.6. By Customer
13.4.10. Angola
13.4.10.1. Market Share Analysis
13.4.10.2. Market Size and Forecast
13.4.10.3. By Product
13.4.10.4. By Technology
13.4.10.5. By Application
13.4.10.6. By Customer
14. Competition Analysis
14.1. Market Positioning Overview
14.1.1. Global Multinational Banks Active in Africa–Asia Trade
14.1.2. Regional African Banking Groups
14.1.3. GCC-Based Trade Finance Institutions
14.1.4. Asian Banks Expanding into African Trade Corridors
14.1.5. Fintech-Enabled Trade Finance Providers
14.1.6. Islamic Banking Institutions Supporting Corridor Trade
14.2. Competitive Benchmarking Metrics
14.2.1. Trade Finance Portfolio Strength
14.2.2. Correspondent Banking Reach
14.2.3. Multi-Currency Capabilities
14.2.4. Regional Branch Network
14.2.5. Treasury Integration Capabilities
14.2.6. Digital Trade Platform Maturity
14.2.7. Commodity Finance Expertise
14.2.8. SWIFT Connectivity & Payment Infrastructure
14.2.9. SME Financing Capability
14.2.10. Risk Underwriting Sophistication
14.2.11. Regulatory & Compliance Capabilities
14.3. Strategic Moves
14.3.1. Cross-Border Banking Partnerships
14.3.2. Trade Corridor Expansion Initiatives
14.3.3. Digital Trade Finance Platform Launches
14.3.4. SWIFT and Blockchain Collaborations
14.3.5. Treasury Solution Enhancements
14.3.6. SME Financing Ecosystem Investments
14.3.7. Fintech Alliances
14.3.8. Regional Representative Office Expansions
14.3.9. Islamic Finance Product Launches
14.4. Competitive Mapping & Gaps
14.4.1. Underserved SME Trade Financing Segments
14.4.2. Gaps in Intra-African–Asian Settlement Infrastructure
14.4.3. Limited Digital Onboarding Capability in African Banking Ecosystems
14.4.4. White-Space Opportunities in Mid-Market Exporters
14.4.5. Gaps in Localized Trade Advisory Services
14.4.6. Opportunities in ESG-Linked Infrastructure Trade Financing
14.4.7. Corridor-Specific Specialization Gaps
14.4.8. Opportunities for Hybrid Bank-Fintech Operating Models
15. Company Profiles
15.1. AfrAsia Bank Limited
15.1.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.1.2. Geographic Footprint
15.1.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.1.4. Target Customer Segments
15.1.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.1.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.1.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.1.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.1.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.1.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.1.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.1.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.1.13. Recent Developments
15.1.14. SWOT Snapshot
15.2. Standard Bank Group
15.2.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.2.2. Geographic Footprint
15.2.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.2.4. Target Customer Segments
15.2.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.2.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.2.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.2.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.2.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.2.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.2.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.2.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.2.13. Recent Developments
15.2.14. SWOT Snapshot
15.3. Absa Group
15.3.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.3.2. Geographic Footprint
15.3.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.3.4. Target Customer Segments
15.3.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.3.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.3.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.3.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.3.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.3.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.3.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.3.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.3.13. Recent Developments
15.3.14. SWOT Snapshot
15.4. Nedbank Group
15.4.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.4.2. Geographic Footprint
15.4.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.4.4. Target Customer Segments
15.4.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.4.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.4.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.4.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.4.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.4.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.4.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.4.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.4.13. Recent Developments
15.4.14. SWOT Snapshot
15.5. FirstRand
15.5.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.5.2. Geographic Footprint
15.5.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.5.4. Target Customer Segments
15.5.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.5.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.5.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.5.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.5.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.5.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.5.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.5.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.5.13. Recent Developments
15.5.14. SWOT Snapshot
15.6. Ecobank
15.6.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.6.2. Geographic Footprint
15.6.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.6.4. Target Customer Segments
15.6.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.6.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.6.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.6.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.6.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.6.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.6.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.6.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.6.13. Recent Developments
15.6.14. SWOT Snapshot
15.7. United Bank for Africa
15.7.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.7.2. Geographic Footprint
15.7.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.7.4. Target Customer Segments
15.7.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.7.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.7.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.7.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.7.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.7.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.7.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.7.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.7.13. Recent Developments
15.7.14. SWOT Snapshot
15.8. Access Bank
15.8.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.8.2. Geographic Footprint
15.8.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.8.4. Target Customer Segments
15.8.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.8.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.8.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.8.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.8.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.8.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.8.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.8.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.8.13. Recent Developments
15.8.14. SWOT Snapshot
15.9. Mashreq
15.9.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.9.2. Geographic Footprint
15.9.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.9.4. Target Customer Segments
15.9.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.9.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.9.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.9.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.9.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.9.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.9.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.9.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.9.13. Recent Developments
15.9.14. SWOT Snapshot
15.10. Emirates NBD
15.10.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.10.2. Geographic Footprint
15.10.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.10.4. Target Customer Segments
15.10.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.10.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.10.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.10.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.10.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.10.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.10.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.10.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.10.13. Recent Developments
15.10.14. SWOT Snapshot
15.11. QNB Group
15.11.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.11.2. Geographic Footprint
15.11.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.11.4. Target Customer Segments
15.11.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.11.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.11.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.11.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.11.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.11.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.11.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.11.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.11.13. Recent Developments
15.11.14. SWOT Snapshot
15.12. HSBC
15.12.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.12.2. Geographic Footprint
15.12.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.12.4. Target Customer Segments
15.12.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.12.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.12.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.12.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.12.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.12.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.12.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.12.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.12.13. Recent Developments
15.12.14. SWOT Snapshot
15.13. Standard Chartered
15.13.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.13.2. Geographic Footprint
15.13.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.13.4. Target Customer Segments
15.13.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.13.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.13.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.13.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.13.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.13.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.13.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.13.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.13.13. Recent Developments
15.13.14. SWOT Snapshot
15.14. DBS Bank
15.14.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.14.2. Geographic Footprint
15.14.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.14.4. Target Customer Segments
15.14.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.14.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.14.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.14.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.14.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.14.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.14.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.14.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.14.13. Recent Developments
15.14.14. SWOT Snapshot
15.15. ICICI Bank
15.15.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.15.2. Geographic Footprint
15.15.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.15.4. Target Customer Segments
15.15.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.15.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.15.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.15.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.15.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.15.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.15.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.15.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.15.13. Recent Developments
15.15.14. SWOT Snapshot
15.16. Bank of China
15.16.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.16.2. Geographic Footprint
15.16.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.16.4. Target Customer Segments
15.16.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.16.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.16.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.16.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.16.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.16.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.16.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.16.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.16.13. Recent Developments
15.16.14. SWOT Snapshot
15.17. TradeSun
15.17.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.17.2. Geographic Footprint
15.17.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.17.4. Target Customer Segments
15.17.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.17.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.17.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.17.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.17.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.17.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.17.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.17.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.17.13. Recent Developments
15.17.14. SWOT Snapshot
15.18. Surecomp
15.18.1. Overview (HQ, Ownership, Founding Year, Workforce Estimate)
15.18.2. Geographic Footprint
15.18.3. Trade Finance & Treasury Portfolio
15.18.4. Target Customer Segments
15.18.5. Correspondent Banking Network
15.18.6. Distribution & Relationship Banking Model
15.18.7. Digital Banking Capabilities
15.18.8. Trade Corridor Specialization
15.18.9. Key Financial Indicators
15.18.10. Regulatory & Compliance Certifications
15.18.11. Strategic Partnerships & Alliances
15.18.12. Technology & Innovation Initiatives
15.18.13. Recent Developments
15.18.14. SWOT Snapshot
The market is estimated at approximately USD 3.2 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach approximately USD 5.9 billion by 2030, growing at around 13.0 percent annually.
Rising bilateral trade volumes, led by China's position as Africa's largest trading partner alongside expanding India and GCC commercial ties, together with substantial unmet SME financing demand, are the primary growth drivers.
The Africa-China corridor represents the largest single corridor by trade finance volume, though the Africa-GCC corridor is growing the fastest as Gulf institutions expand their role as financiers and re-export intermediaries.
Africa's trade finance gap, the unmet demand for trade financing, is estimated at approximately USD 81 billion, concentrated particularly among SME exporters and importers that traditional correspondent banking has struggled to serve.
Letters of credit remain the largest single product category by usage, reflecting the continued importance of documentary security in transactions between counterparties with limited prior trading history.
Leading participants include African banking groups such as Standard Bank Group and Ecobank, GCC institutions including Emirates NBD and Mashreq, and global and Asian banks including HSBC, Standard Chartered and DBS Bank.